DENTAL AND COSMETIC PREPARATIONS

DENTAL AND COSMETIC FORMULATIONS

Q. Write a note on dentifrices.

Definition- Dentifrices are the preparations meant to be applied to the teeth with a help of

tooth brush for the purpose of cleaning the accessible surface of the teeth.

Qualities of good Dentifrices-

1) It should be economical.

2) It should be non toxic.

3) It should be properly sweetened and flavoured.

4) It should give fresh and clean sensation.

5) It should be efficient in removing food substances, plaque and other foreign

particles.

6) It should clean the teeth.

Formulation-

1. Abrasive agents:

· The abrasive agents such as calcium sulphate, magnesium carbonate, sodium

carbonate and sodium chloride are used in fine powder · A strong abrasive substance should however not to be used as it may damage the

tooth structure.

2. Detergents:

· They contain a suitable detergent or soap.

· Soap removes the debris from surface of tooth by the mechanism of emulsification

3. Humectants:

· Humectants are added to prevent the drying of preparation.

· Ex. Glycerin, propylene glycol, etc.

4. Sweeteners:

· Sweeteners are added to change the taste of the formulation and to avoid the bitter

taste of the ingredients.

· Ex. Saccharine sodium, sucrose, etc.

5. Colours: Colour is added to improve appearance of preparation to make it attractive.

Ex. Coal tar dyes,

6. Flavours:

· Flavours are added to improve the taste of the formulation.

· Ex. Peppermint oil, cinnamon oil, etc

Q. Differentiate between antiperspirants and deodorants.

Antiperspirants	Deodorants.
It prevents the flow of perspiration to overcome bad smell which is due to bacterial decomposition	Deodorant inhibits the formation of bad odor in perspiration by suppressing the growth of bacteria or masks the unpleasant odor
This blocks opening of sweat gland preventing flow of sweat ,thus act on body function.	It does not acts on body function
Eg. Aluminium Salts	Eg. Salicyclic acid, boric acid, zinc stearate

    Q. Define Depilatories, state ideal properties of it, name any two chemical.

Definition:

These are the chemical agents which removes the unwanted hair from body by chemical

method include barium sulphide and calcium strontium sulphide .

Qualities of Ideal depilatory agents;

1. It should be non-toxic and non-irritant to the skin.

2. It should be odourless but pleasantly perfumed.

3. It should be elegant.

4. It should not leave any stains on the cloth   

 5. It should be capable of removing the hair within 2-5 mins

6. It should be easy to apply.

7. It should be economical.

8. It should be stable during storage.

Name of chemicals:

i. Calcium thioglycerol.

ii.Calcium thioglycollate.

iii. Calcium sulphide.

iv. Barium sulphide.

v. Stronium sulphide

Q. Classify the shampoo on the basis of physical properties. Name the various

ingredients used in formulation of shampoo with their uses.

Classification:

1. Medicated antidandruff shampoo.

2. Powder shampoo.

3. Clear liquid shampoo.

4. Gel shampoo.

5. Soap shampoo.

6. Cream and paste shampoo.

7. Liquid cream and lotion shampoo.

8. Baby shampoo.

9. Aerosol shampoo.

Formulation of Shampoo:

· Conditioning Agent:- used to lubricate the hair & improve the texture of hair

& it reduces the fluffiness & make the hair soft &shiny.

e.g. Lotion & its derivatives, Glycerin, Propylene Glycol

· Thickening Agents:- Use to increase the viscosity of shampoo & provide

desired consistency. e.g. Polyvinyl alcohol, Methyl cellulose, Na Alginate

· Solubilizig Agent :- Used to solubilize poorly soluble subs. e.g. ethyl alcohol,

glycerol, propylene glycol

· Opacifying Agents:- used to make shampoo opaque

e.g. glycerol, glyceryl stearate, stearyl alcohol.

· Preservatives: - used to preserve the shampoo against bacteria or mould

.e.g. Methyl Paraben, Propyl Paraben

What are ideal qualities of lipstick and describe formulation of lipsticks.

Qualities of an ideal lipstick:

1. It should be non toxic and non irritating

2. It should be free from gritty particles

3. It should be easily applicable and removable

4. It should give shiny and smooth appearance

5. It should not dry on storage

6. It should be long lasting after application

7. The stick should not break during application

8. It should be stable both physically & chemically.

9. It should be free from sweating.

10. It should maintain its firmness till it is fully used up.

Formulation of Lipstick:

• BASES: The bases are the mixture of oils and fatty Minerals and waxes such as

mineral oil, vegetable oil, cocoa butter, etc..

• COLOUR: Colour used for lipstick are water soluble eosin and halogenated

derivatives of fluorescein and tetra bromo fluorescein . Some times titinum

diaoxide be used.

• PERFUME: Only those perfumes are selected in lipstick which should not be non

irritant and having agreeable test like floral fruity and light spicy fragrance.

• ANTIOXIDANT: These are used to prevent rancidity which are occure due to

oxidation of some ingredients like BHA, BHT, propyl gallate etc

Define epilation and depilation .Mention the qualities of ideal depilatory agents

1) Epilation :

It is mechanical removal of hair by method like plucking, waxing, electrolysis.

It is painful & may cause skin damage.

Chances of skin secretion can be increased. Contains rosin, Beeswax along with vegetable oil, cooling agent, local anaesthetic & antibacterial agent.

2) Depilation :

It involves chemical breakdown of the hair without injury to skin. They are alkaline reducing agents which cause the hair fiber to swell & produce a cleavage of disulphide or cystein bridges between adjacent polypeptide chains & degrade the hair

Qualities of Ideal depilatory agents;

1. It should be non-toxic and non irritant to the skin.

2. It should be odourless but pleasantly perfumed.

3. It should be elegant.

4. It should not leave any stains on the cloth.

5. It should be capable of removing the hair within 2-5 mins

6. It should be easy to apply.

7. It should be economical.

8. It should be stable during storage.

Q. Define the term with example: 

i. Antiperspirants

ii. Deodorants.

iii. Cold cream.

iv. Mascara.

Antiperspirants:

These are the agents used to prevent the flow of perspiration to overcome bad smell which is due to bacterial decomposition. eg Gillete, Nivea etc

Deodorants:

Deodorant inhibits the formation of bad odour in perspiration by suppressing the growth of bacteria or masks the unpleasant odour.eg. Rexona etc

Cold cream:

Creams are semisolid emulsion meant for external application to the skin and mucus membrane. When applied they produce cooling effect due to slow evaporation of water, they are prepared by emulsification of oil and water. Ex Ponds cold cream, Nivea cream etc

Mascara:

Mascara is a black pigmented preparation for application to the eye lashes to beautify the eyes. It is used to darken the eyelashes and to increase their apparent length Ex Loreal , Maybelline etc

Q. What is rouge? Name the types of rouges.

What is rouge: (1M)

• Rouges are the cosmetic preparations which are applied to the cheeks for enhancing

the face beauty.

• It also imparts and stimulates the rosy freshness of the young and healthy skin.

Types: (0.5 X2 =1M)

• Solid.

• Liquid.

• Cream form

Q.   Mention the different methods of removing unwanted hairs.

Following are different methods of removing unwanted hairs-

1) Epilation: It is mechanical removal of hair by method like plucking, waxing,

electrolysis. It is painful & may cause skin damage. Chances of skin secretion can be

increased. Contains rosin, Beeswax along with vegetable oil, cooling agent, local

anaesthetic & antibacterial agent.

2) Depilation: It involves chemical breakdown of the hair without injury to skin. They are

alkaline reducing agents which cause the hair fiber to swell & produce a cleavage of

disulphide or cystein bridges between adjacent polypeptide chains & degrade the hair.

3) Electrolysis: The method involves the inserting of needle into the hair follicle and hair

root is completely destroyed by means of weak D.C. current. The hair is removed

permanently. The method is very expensive and time consuming. But once the treatment is

given successfully the hair does not grow again.

Define antiperspirants and deodorants. How do they function?

Antiperspirant:

It prevents the flow of perspiration to overcome bad smell which is due to bacterial

decomposition.

Antiperspirants contain a substance having astringent action on reacting with skin proteins

it causes coagulation which is accompanied by swelling at the opening of sweat glands.

This blocks opening of sweat gland preventing flow of sweat.

Eg. Aluminium chlorohydrate, any marketed preparation students may write.

Deodorant:

Deodorant inhibits the formation of bad odour in perspiration by suppressing the growth of

bacteria or masks the unpleasant odour.

Eg. Salicyclic acid, boric acid, zinc stearate, talc and starch powder, a preparation.

How do they function:

They inhibit the flow if perspiration where and deodorants inhibit formation of bad odor in

perspiration by suppressing the growth of bacteria or mask the unpleasant odorny marketed